The escalation follows India's Operation Sindoor, launched on May 7, targeting nine locations in Pakistan and Pakistan-administered Kashmir. India stated that the operation aimed at dismantling terrorist infrastructure linked to the April 22 Pahalgam attack, which resulted in the deaths of 27 civilians, predominantly Hindu tourists. The Resistance Front, believed to be affiliated with Lashkar-e-Taiba, claimed responsibility for the Pahalgam attack.
In response to Operation Sindoor, Pakistan reported that the Indian strikes resulted in 31 civilian deaths and 46 injuries, including children. Pakistan's military claimed to have shot down five Indian aircraft, a claim disputed by India. The Pakistani government condemned the strikes as an act of war and vowed retaliation.
The ongoing hostilities have led to significant civilian casualties on both sides. In Indian-administered Kashmir, Pakistani shelling has killed 15 civilians and injured 43, primarily in the Poonch district. Reports indicate that schools, religious sites, and residential areas have been targeted. Conversely, Pakistan alleges that Indian artillery fire has resulted in additional civilian deaths and injuries.
Diplomatic relations between the two nations have deteriorated sharply. India has suspended the Indus Waters Treaty, expelled Pakistani diplomats, and closed its borders to Pakistani nationals. Pakistan has responded by suspending the Shimla Agreement, closing airspace to Indian aircraft, and halting trade relations.
International actors have expressed concern over the escalating conflict. The United Nations, United States, China, and Russia have urged both nations to exercise restraint and engage in dialogue. Despite these calls, both India and Pakistan maintain firm stances, with India asserting its right to self-defense and Pakistan pledging a strong military response.